What is an Operating System?
Published: 18 Feb 2026
Did you know that every computer, smartphone, and tablet runs on an operating system? It is the main software that allows all other programs to work. Without an operating system, a computer cannot start, save files, or run apps. They are the hidden managers who keep everything running smoothly behind the scenes.
What is an Operating System
An operating system (OS) is a program. That is the main software that manages a computer or device. It is what allows programs to run, files to be saved, and hardware like the keyboard, mouse, and screen to work. They are the bridge between the user and the device, making it easy to use and control.
History of Operating System
The history of the operating system shows how computers became easy to use. At first, computers were very simple machines. They could run only one program at a time, and people had to tell them every step manually. Then, as computers became faster and more complex, there was a need for a system to manage hardware, software, and tasks. The operating system was created to solve this problem. It is the main software that controls how a computer works.
The Beginning of Operating Systems
In the 1940s and 1950s, computers were very large and expensive. People had to write programs on punch cards. They had to start and stop computers manually. There was no operating system at that time. Programs ran one by one, and people had to wait for the computer to finish each program.
- Need arose: People needed a way to make computers run programs automatically without constant manual work.
- First step: Simple monitors were created to help load programs one after another.
The First Operating Systems (1950s–1960s)
The first real operating systems appeared in the late 1950s. These systems were very simple and called batch processing systems.
- Batch processing: It is a method where similar jobs are grouped together and run one after another.
- Purpose: It reduced the waiting time and helped use expensive computers more efficiently.
- Who made them: Early computers like the IBM 701 and the IBM 7090 used these systems. Engineers at IBM helped develop the first OS software.
Multiprogramming and Time-Sharing (1960s–1970s)
As computers became more powerful, people wanted to run more than one program at a time. This need led to the development of multiprogramming and time-sharing systems.
- Multiprogramming: The operating system keeps several programs in memory. It switches between them, keeping the CPU busy.
- Time-sharing: It allows multiple users to access the same computer simultaneously. Each user feels like they have their own computer.
- Importance: This made computers faster, more efficient, and more user-friendly.
Development of Personal Computer Operating Systems (1970s–1980s)
The 1970s and 1980s brought small computers to offices and homes. Operating systems had to be simpler and easier to use.
- CP/M: One of the first popular OS for personal computers.
- MS-DOS: Microsoft created MS-DOS in the 1980s for IBM PCs.
- Importance: These systems allowed regular people to use computers without needing to know complicated instructions.
Modern Operating Systems (1990s–Present)
Modern operating systems are very advanced. They run on laptops, smartphones, tablets, and servers.
- Graphical User Interface (GUI): Makes it easy to use with icons, windows, and menus. Example: Windows, macOS.
- Mobile Operating Systems: For phones and tablets. Example: Android, iOS.
- Features: They manage memory, multitasking, networks, security, and hardware efficiently.
How Does an Operating System Work?
An operating system works as the main manager inside a computer or device. It is the software that makes hardware and apps work together. It is like a helper that tells the CPU, memory, storage, and other parts what to do and when to do it. The operating system runs continuously while the device is on, keeping everything running smoothly in the background.
- Starts When the Device Turns On: When a computer or phone is switched on, the operating system loads into memory. It is ready to control the device before any app starts.
- Manages Processes and Multitasking: Handles multiple tasks simultaneously. For example, opening a browser, playing music, and checking email together. It gives each task time on the CPU, so nothing stops working.
- Controls Memory: The operating system watches how memory space is used. It gives apps memory when they need it and takes it back when they are done. This stops apps from crashing or mixing data.
- Organizes Files: It keeps files and folders safe and easy to find. It lets users create, save, open, and delete files without confusion.
- Handles Input and Output Devices: The OS controls devices like keyboards, mice, printers, and screens. It uses drivers to tell hardware how to work with other software.
- Provides User Interface: It shows the user what is happening on the screen. It can be a graphical view with icons and windows or a text view where commands are typed.
- Keeps System Secure: The operating system ensures that only authorized users can access files or apps. It protects the system from unwanted access and attacks.
- Shares Network and Communication: It helps the device connect to other devices, networks, and the internet. It controls how data moves to and from other systems.
Types of an Operating Systems (OS)
There are different types of operating systems (OS) designed for different tasks and users. They are designed to manage hardware, software, memory, and processes. Each type of OS works differently and serves specific needs, from personal computers to servers and mobile devices. Here are 10 types of OS included.
- Batch Operating System
- Time-Sharing Operating System
- Distributed Operating System
- Network Operating System
- Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
- Mobile Operating System
- Multi-User Operating System
- Single-User Operating System
- Embedded Operating System
- Cloud Operating System
1. Batch Operating System
This type of OS runs jobs in batches without user interaction. They are simple and used in early computers. It is useful when many similar tasks need to run in sequence.
2. Time-Sharing Operating System
A time-sharing OS allows many users to access the same computer simultaneously. They are designed to give each user a small portion of the CPU so it feels like the computer is working only for them.
3. Distributed Operating System
This OS manages a group of computers and makes them work together as a single system. They are used in networks where multiple computers share tasks and resources.
4. Network Operating System
Network OS controls multiple computers connected in a network. It manages resources like printers, files, and security across all connected computers.
5. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
Real-time OS is designed for machines that require instant response. They are used in medical machines, robots, airplanes, and cars. They are fast and reliable.
6. Mobile Operating System
Mobile OS is designed for smartphones and tablets. They are easy to use, touch-friendly, and support apps. Examples include Android and iOS.
7. Multi-User Operating System
A multi-user OS allows multiple users to access the same system simultaneously without interfering with each other. Servers and mainframes often use this OS.
8. Single-User Operating System
A single-user OS is for a single user. They are common in personal computers and laptops. Examples include Windows and macOS.
9. Embedded Operating System
Embedded OS is designed for specific devices such as smart TVs, watches, and home appliances. They are lightweight and optimized for the device’s task.
10. Cloud Operating System
Cloud OS runs on the internet and allows users to access software and data from anywhere. They are used in cloud computing services for storage, apps, and collaboration.
Parts of an Operating System (OS)
It has many parts that work together to make the system run smoothly. Each part has a specific role in managing hardware, memory, files, and tasks. They are essential for making programs run correctly and keeping the device safe and organized. Here are 10 parts of OS for students.
- Kernel
- Process Management
- Memory Management
- File System
- Device Drivers
- User Interface (UI)
- Security and Access Control
- Networking
- Input/Output Management
- Utility Programs
1. Kernel
The kernel is the core part of an operating system. It manages the CPU, memory, and devices. They are the main part that controls how all other parts of the OS work.
2. Process Management
This part handles all the programs running on a computer. It is responsible for starting, stopping, and switching between programs so the CPU is used efficiently.
3. Memory Management
Memory management controls how RAM is used by programs. It allocates memory when a program needs it and frees it when the program is done. This keeps the system from crashing.
4. File System
The file system organizes files and folders on storage devices. It lets users easily save, open, delete, and manage data.
5. Device Drivers
Device drivers are software that control hardware such as printers, keyboards, and screens. They tell the OS how to communicate with different devices.
6. User Interface (UI)
The user interface is the part that allows people to interact with the computer. It can be graphical, with icons and windows, or text-based, with commands.
7. Security and Access Control
This part protects the system from unauthorized access. It manages passwords and permissions and prevents malware and attacks.
8. Networking
The networking part helps computers connect with other devices and networks. It manages data transfer, internet connections, and communication.
9. Input and Output Management
This part controls how data moves between the system and input/output devices. It ensures smooth communication with keyboards, mice, printers, and displays.
10. Utility Programs
Utility programs are small tools that help maintain the OS. They include programs for backup, disk cleanup, file management, and system updates.
Functions of an Operating System (OS)
It has many important functions that help the system run smoothly. They are responsible for managing hardware, software, memory, files, and tasks. Each function ensures that programs work correctly, that users can interact easily, and that the system remains safe and organized. Here are 14 Functions of OS included.
- Process Management: It manages all programs running on a computer. The OS starts, stops, and switches between tasks so the CPU is used efficiently.
- Memory Management: It controls how RAM is used by different programs. The OS allocates memory to programs when they need it and frees it when they are done.
- File System Management: It organizes files and folders on storage devices. The OS lets users easily save, open, delete, and manage their data.
- Device Management: It controls input and output devices like keyboards, printers, and screens. Device drivers tell the OS how to communicate with hardware.
- User Interface (UI): It provides a way for people to interact with the computer. This can be graphical, with icons and windows, or text-based, using commands.
- Security and Access Control: It protects the system from unauthorized access. The OS manages passwords and permissions and protects against malware and attacks.
- Networking: It manages connections between computers and devices in a network. The OS handles data transfer, internet access, and communication.
- Multitasking: It allows multiple programs to run simultaneously without interfering with each other. Users can work on several tasks smoothly.
- Error Detection and Handling: It monitors the system for errors. If a program crashes or a device fails, the OS identifies the problem and manages it safely.
- System Performance Management: It ensures the computer works efficiently. The OS allocates resources, balances tasks, and keeps the system responsive.
- I/O Management: This function manages input and output operations. It ensures data moves smoothly between the CPU, memory, and devices like keyboards, mice, and printers.
- Secondary Storage Management: It organizes and manages storage devices like hard drives, SSDs, and external drives. It keeps files safe and makes data easy to access.
- Command Interpretation: The process of interpreting commands from users or programs. The OS reads instructions and executes them, ensuring tasks are completed correctly.
- Communication Management: It handles the exchange of data between different processes, programs, or computers. It ensures proper communication in networks and between applications.
Examples of an Operating System (OS)
They manage programs, memory, files, and hardware so devices work efficiently. There are many operating systems for different types of devices. Each OS has its own features, strengths, and purposes. Here are 10 examples of an OS with simple explanations:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
- Unix
- Chrome OS
- DOS
- Ubuntu
- Solaris
1. Windows
Windows is one of the most popular operating systems for computers and laptops. It is easy to use with a graphical interface of icons, menus, and windows. People use it for games, work, and internet browsing.
2. macOS
macOS is created by Apple for its computers. It is smooth, secure, and very user-friendly. macOS is ideal for designers, editors, and people who like an organized interface.
3. Linux
Linux is an open-source OS. It is free and highly customizable. Users can modify it to fit personal or business needs. It is widely used in servers, programming, and development.
4. Android
Android is a mobile operating system used in smartphones and tablets. It is easy to use, supports millions of apps, and is customizable. It is the most common OS for mobile devices.
5. iOS
iOS is developed by Apple for iPhones and iPads. It is secure, fast, and designed for mobile devices. It is very stable and ensures apps run smoothly.
6. Unix
Unix is a powerful OS used in servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It is stable and reliable, and it supports multiple users simultaneously.
7. Chrome OS
Chrome OS is made by Google for Chromebooks. It focuses on cloud computing and online apps. Users primarily work through a web browser, making it simple for educational and office tasks.
8. DOS (Disk Operating System)
DOS is an old operating system that works with typed commands. It was popular in early personal computers before graphical interfaces became common.
9. Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution that is easy to use for beginners. It works on computers and servers. Ubuntu is free and comes with many built-in tools and apps.
10. Solaris
Solaris is a Unix-based operating system used in servers and workstations. It is known for reliability, security, and performance in professional environments.
Difference between 32-Bit vs. 64-Bit Operating System
Computers and devices can run either 32-bit or 64-bit operating systems. They are different in how they handle memory, processing, and software. The main difference is how much data the system can process at a time and how much memory it can use. Understanding the difference helps users choose the right OS for their needs.
| Feature | 32-Bit Operating System | 64-Bit Operating System |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Usage | Can use up to 4 GB of RAM | Can use more than 4 GB of RAM |
| Data Processing | Processes 32 bits of data at a time | Processes 64 bits of data at a time |
| Software Compatibility | Supports 32-bit software only | Supports 32-bit and 64-bit software |
| Performance | Slower for large programs and heavy tasks | Faster and better for large programs and multitasking |
| Hardware Support | Works on older hardware | Requires modern hardware |
| Security | Basic security features | Advanced security features, more robust |
| Applications | Limited to smaller applications | Can run larger, more demanding applications |
| Usage | Suitable for older PCs and small tasks | Suitable for modern PCs, gaming, and professional work |
Advantages and Disadvantages of an Operating System
Operating systems are like the brain of every device. They make computers, laptops, and phones work properly. At the same time, they have both benefits and drawbacks. Knowing these advantages and disadvantages helps users better understand their devices.
| 10 Advantages of an Operating System? |
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| 10 Disadvantages of an Operating System |
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Conclusion
So friends, it’s time to wrap up! In this article, we have explained what an operating system is and how it works. You should choose an OS that fits your needs, whether for studying, working, or gaming. A good operating system makes using your computer easy and enjoyable. Keep learning and explore other articles on our site to get more tips about computers.
FAQs About Operating System (OS)
Many people ask questions about what an operating system is. Here are some questions explained in detail for students.
An operating system is important because it controls the computer. Without it, a computer cannot work properly.
Here are some common 5 examples of operating systems included:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
The main functions include memory management, process management, file management, and device management.
No, a computer cannot function properly without an operating system. The OS is necessary to run programs and control hardware.
A 32-bit OS can use up to 4 GB of RAM, while a 64-bit OS can use more than 4 GB of RAM and provides better performance.
Multitasking means running multiple programs at the same time. The operating system manages all tasks smoothly.
Below are the main 5 types of operating systems:
- Batch Operating System
- Time-Sharing Operating System
- Distributed Operating System
- Network Operating System
- Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
Below are the main 5 functions of operating systems:
- Process Management
- Memory Management
- File System Management
- Device Management
- Security Management
Below are the main 5 parts of operating systems:
- Kernel
- User Interface (UI)
- File System
- Device Drivers
- System Utilities
The best operating system depends on your needs. For example, Windows is popular for general use, macOS for Apple devices, and Linux for developers.
